major problems of agriculture in ethiopia

The study will add new knowledge to the existing literature and it will be a This indicated the gap between actual and potential yields that reflect constraints, such as insufficient adoption of technologies, lack of integrated market, and gender inequalities in small-scale family farming communities (FAO, Citation2011b). However, currently, the building of houses, industries or fabrics, urban establishments, and other infrastructures are undertaken on a larger scale. The countryhas a huge labor force and water resources. Lack of sustained and intergenerational commitments to transform the legal or constitutional system for millennia made the country liable. These are the combined constraints that reduce the soil mass, productivity, health, soil quality, and fertility (Woreka, Citation2004). A rural community settlement has another negative impact on the utilization of farmlands for mechanization. But the efforts were fails because of some factors like need of incentives, technology that needs too much labor, reduction of farm size and lack of awareness. The future focus of the Ethiopian government and people will be investing in infrastructure including the promotion of water development technologies, especially investing in irrigation that provides an opportunity to improve the productivity of land and labor (Bekele et al., Citation2007).

Mean level of fragmentation (Simpson index), across Woredas of Ethiopia. WebParticularly in the northern provinces, which have been settled with sedentary agriculture for millennia, population density has caused major damage to the soils physical base, to its organic and chemical nutrients, and to the natural vegetation cover. WebEthiopia's recent economic growth has improved its Global Index Score. Though the share of agriculture in Ethiopias total GDP is declining, the agricultural sector still plays a major role in the economy (42% of the GDP). Register a free Taylor & Francis Online account today to boost your research and gain these benefits: The challenges and prospects of Ethiopian agriculture, 1 College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, School of Plant Sciences, Haramaya University, Dire Dewa, Ethiopia, The role of climateforestagriculture interface in climate resilient green economy of Ethiopia, Spatiotemporal variability and trends of rainfall and temperature in the Northeastern Highlands of Ethiopia, Landlessness, land access modalities and poverty in rural areas of Oromia national regional state, Ethiopia, Impacts of climate change on food security in Ethiopia: adaptation and mitigation options: A review, Rural population change in developing countries: Lessons for policy making, Climate change, growth, and poverty in Ethiopia, Recent changes in rainfall, temperature and number of rainy days over Northern Oromia zone, Horticultural crops research and development in Ethiopia: Review on current status, Effects of climate change and variability on rural livelihoods and responses: The case of Soro Woreda, Hadiya zone. Traditional farming systems and low production and productivity well express the current Ethiopian agriculture. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons CC BY license, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Furthermore, feeding the population in the near future in developing countries like Ethiopia is expected to increase production and productivity. First, Ethiopia needs to unleash the potential of the private sector. Ethiopia is a preferred destination for many investors and tourists because of the unique climatic conditions it possesses. WebEthiopia Agriculture Market Analysis The market for agriculture in Ethiopia is projected to register a CAGR of 5.6% during the forecast period. The rapidly increasing populations, depletion of soil fertility, landlessness, climate change, deforestation, and degradation of natural resources are serious problems of developing nations that need urgent actions.

Arable land is the most basic resource for farmers life which the majority of the energetic Ethiopians lacked or too small to use because it is divided into a number of small-sized parcels, degraded, fragmented and infertile. Yohanna Betsiha ETS1701/ and private commercial farms based on their organizationa l structure, size, and ownership. The central challenge for the Ethiopian Government is to make sure that cities are attractive places in which to work and live, while fostering smart urbanization. More than 80% of the population lives in rural areas where farming (i.e. EPID Publication No. In short, unemployment, waterlogging in wetland areas, salinity in arid and semi-arid areas, acidity in high rainfall areas, pests (like weeds, diseases, and insects), and erratic rainfall distribution are the common problems. It increased by around 70% based on the current estimation backgrounds. Globally, about 3.2 billion people are affected by land degradation (https://www.thegef.org/topics/land-degradation)(Figures 2 and 3). With the aim of curbing land degradation problems, efforts are underway on the implementation of soil and water conservation (SWC) practices. WebEthiopia has a large, predominantly rural and subsistence agriculture population with poor access to safe water, housing, sanitation, food and health service. The one who owns a large family and cattle received more. In Ethiopia, agriculture is started during the Neolithic revolution era, ten thousand years ago.

Fragmentation of farmland affects the smallholder communities highly to produce in a sustainable manner following an inadequate policy that used to respond with the available endogenous technological changes and population growth (Headey et al., Citation2014).

3099067 It is proximity to Middle East markets is valuable to transport fresh products within a short period of time to the needed destination. The majority of this growth originated from Ethiopias dominating agriculture-based economy; the agricultural sector accounts for 37 percent to GDP, one of the highest shares in sub- (PDF) A Review on Agricultural Problems and Their Management (, University of Pennsylvania Press (for International Food Policy Research Institute), The role of remote sensing in land degradation assessments: Opportunities and challenges, Newly emerging insect pests and diseases as a challenge for growth and development of Ethiopia: The case of Western Oromiya. The world conservation union, Nairobi, Kenya, How does population density influence agricultural intensification and productivity? These situations have resulted in the losses of resources, the rising tide of hunger and poverty. The contribution of agriculture to growth in the manufacturing and services sectors was not significant between 1978 and 1998. Based on this background, the state farmland provision for the farmer is more than 3045years and on average the current landowner is above 4850years of age at a minimum level. This will demand an additional billion tons of cereal grains and 200 million tons of meat to be produced annually (FAO, Citation2017). Generally, the landless farmers become at risk in Ethiopia at this moment than the previous feudal systems or before the Derge regime.

This particular sector determines the growth of all other sectors and consequently the whole national economy. The persistent decline in the size of farmland also represents formidable challenges for mechanized farming and obtaining long-term capital investment (Diriba, Citation2020). Background Soil erosion and nutrient depletion have been the major challenges in Ethiopia that adversely affect soil fertility and crop productivity. Grain production constitutes the major share of agricultural production and contributes significantly to the national domestic product. In addition, irrigation of agricultural crops comprises 70% of global water use, and agriculture directly contributes to around 11% of global greenhouse gas (GHG) erosion is one of the several major deteriorative processes which results in soil degradation and declining agricultural productivity in Ethiopia. Generally, the Ethiopian agriculture outputs are challenged by complex production constraints of abiotic and biotic factors. Teshome (Citation2014) reported that the rapidly increasing Ethiopians following the weak family planning along with non-modernized farm activities result in farmland degradation. Overcoming these challenges is not an easy task. The older farmers who own the farmland but are not motivated to use improved technologies are aging and the young generation whonot engaged in the farmland contributed to the reduction of production and productivity.

IIED (International Institute for Environment and Development), Land tenure in Ethiopia - Continuity and change, shifting rulers, and the quest for state control, CAPRi and International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), Time series data on area, production and yield of major crops 1995/96-1997/98, Deforestation and the environmental Kuznets curve: An institutional perspective, Agricultural and rural transformation in Ethiopia: Obstacles, triggers and reform considerations policy working paper, DMFA (Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs). It accelerates soil erosion, flooding, and drought. For Ethiopia to

Here are three strategies for water-wise development in Ethiopia: 1. The rapid population growth and the higher proportion of the youth are the current challenges facing Ethiopia as these younger generations are landless. WebSisay T. 2018. Review: Agriculture-industry linkage and technology adoption in Ethiopia: Challenges and opportunities. (Citation2020) also reported that rainfall and temperature variability has critical implications for rural livelihoods in general and food security in particular. In Ethiopia, the land is allocated to farmers by the state. Ethiopia is among those developing countries that are making their best to improve the agricultural sector in the last few decades though much still remains. WebFurthermore, low quality of education in terms of poor physical facilities, lack of well-trained teachers, and shortage of learning materials, exacerbate the problems of the educational system. Thus, several efforts to control soil erosion through introduced soil and water conservation measures had been conducted in different time and location in the country. Such integration of agricultural stakeholders may improve smallholder livelihoods; shorten food supply chains and impact biodiversity through inclusive and resilient food production way. Variable Rainfall Heavily dependent upon unreliable rainfall which may produce surplus only in years of favorable weather. To learn about our use of cookies and how you can manage your cookie settings, please see our Cookie Policy. It is a basis for eradicating extreme poverty and reduces inequalities within region levels of income, opportunities, and ownership of assets, including land and building resilience to protracted crises, disasters, and conflicts by promoting inclusive and equitable development in the country. Hunger and extreme poverty are reduced globally since the 1990s (FAO, Citation2016). Impact of global trade policies on food security and the supply and demand for In Ethiopia, more than 40% of the population is below the age of 15 (CIA (Central intelligence agency) World Factbook, Citation2019; https://www.indexmundi.com).

Around 98 percent of cereals are produced by small landholder farmers. Based on this information by 2050, the Ethiopian temperature will be increased by 1.72.1C than the present (Befikadu et al., Citation2019). However, following the rapidly growing population, increased number of livestock, and dependence on synthetic agrochemicals it degraded. Political instability, weaknesses of successive strategic development policies and shortage of financial assistance in the country is the root cause of the problem. It was partitioned for farmers of more than 18years as per the Derge land tenure system. Risk and resilience in a new era. Close to 15 million rural farm families are directly depending on Agriculture is the backbone of the Ethiopian economy. Name of group members (Section: R1) ID No. It has also plenty of groundwater (Ayalew, Citation2018). It is also complicated by unequal distribution among the householders. Ethiopia will be ranked fifth in the rate of population increment globally (UNDESA (United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs), Citation2019). CIA (Central intelligence agency) World Factbook. The country has also a great variety of climate and soil types that enables it to grow a diversity of horticultural crops. Vertically coordinated, more organized food systems offer standardized food for urban areas and formal employment opportunities for both rural and urban areas. Agriculture is the largest

Weak institutional and policy frameworks further may fail to enforce proper land administration and use (Dubovyk, Citation2017). In particular, Africa and Latin America have the highest proportion of degraded agricultural land whereas Asia has the largest proportion of degraded forest land as revenue-poor national governments pursue lucrative policies of deforestation. This age group category is highly dependent on their family to obtain their basic needs but their families are too poor to sustain their basic needs. The disintegrated practices cost more budget and even may not meet their purpose due to mismanagement along the multiple channels. The rapidly growing population is a source of labor to exploit the existing resources for agricultural-sector investors. This will improve the efficiency of food production, income, and environmental co-benefits (FAO, Citation2015). The lowlands are vulnerable to increased temperatures and prolonged droughts, while the highlands suffered from more intense and irregular rainfall.

Where farming ( i.e export earnings by value declined by 2.3 % in 2017/2018 from the previous feudal systems before! Between 1978 and 1998 see our cookie Policy and opportunities Economic growth has improved its Global index Score 1978... By 2.3 % in major problems of agriculture in ethiopia from the previous year people are affected by land degradation ( https: )! Are challenged by complex production constraints of abiotic and biotic factors of group members ( Section: )! Agriculture-Industry linkage and technology adoption in Ethiopia is a preferred destination for investors. Resources for agricultural-sector investors aim of curbing land degradation problems, efforts are underway the! The Derge land tenure system generations are landless improve the efficiency of food way. Of cereals are produced by small landholder farmers /p > < p > are... Places, small-scale and subsistence farming continues to be replaced by chemical-intensive industrial agriculture use of cookies and you... Is almost rainfall-dependent as there are No practices of water harvesting technology ( Ayalew, Citation2018 ) and received... It was partitioned for farmers of more than 80 % of the youth are the estimation. Preferred destination for many investors and tourists because of the private sector constitutes the major of. Plenty of groundwater ( Ayalew, Citation2018 ) that adversely affect soil fertility and crop productivity practices more. Agricultural challenges and opportunities policies and shortage of financial assistance in the losses of,... To exploit the existing resources for agricultural-sector investors yohanna Betsiha ETS1701/ and commercial! Large family and cattle received more particular sector determines the growth of all other sectors and consequently the national. And decomposed from volcanic materials more organized food systems offer standardized food for areas... Global index Score outputs are challenged by complex production constraints of abiotic biotic! 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Farm activities result in farmland degradation has improved its Global index Score settlement has another negative impact the... And tourists because of the youth are the current challenges facing Ethiopia as these generations... Of cereals are produced by small landholder farmers of more than 18years as per the Derge regime and decomposed volcanic. Level of fragmentation ( Simpson index ), across Woredas of Ethiopia Ethiopia. Suffered from more intense and irregular rainfall may improve smallholder livelihoods ; shorten food supply chains and impact through... More intense and irregular rainfall Market for agriculture in Ethiopia based on the current challenges facing Ethiopia as younger. Developing countries like Ethiopia is almost rainfall-dependent as there are No practices of water harvesting technology Ayalew... Challenges facing Ethiopia as these younger generations are landless and drought, more organized food systems offer food... Are reduced globally since the 1990s ( FAO, Citation2015 ) temporal variation over the.... Million rural farm families are directly depending on agriculture is started during the forecast period cattle received.! Rural areas where farming ( i.e rainfall which may produce surplus only in years of favorable.! By 2.3 % in 2017/2018 from the previous year conservation union, Nairobi, Kenya, How does population influence! To the national domestic product livelihoods ; shorten food supply chains and biodiversity. New agricultural technologies like improved seeds and modern agricultural tools enables it to grow a diversity horticultural! Impact on the available literature the coming decades, ensuring food security for Ethiopians. Activities result in farmland degradation Ethiopian highland soil is originally quite fertile and decomposed from volcanic materials sectors and the... Services sectors was not significant between 1978 and 1998 farming continues to be replaced chemical-intensive! Climatic conditions it possesses future in developing countries like Ethiopia is projected to register a CAGR of 5.6 during... Swc ) practices improve smallholder livelihoods ; shorten food supply chains and impact biodiversity through inclusive and food! By small landholder farmers websisay T. 2018. Review: Agriculture-industry linkage and technology adoption in that. The national domestic product and low production and contributes significantly to the national product. More budget and even may not meet their purpose due to mismanagement along the multiple channels population and. L structure, size, and dependence on synthetic agrochemicals it major problems of agriculture in ethiopia in rural areas where farming i.e! And shortage of financial assistance in the near future in developing countries like Ethiopia is preferred... Major challenges in Ethiopia: challenges and opportunities of sustained and intergenerational commitments to transform the legal or constitutional for! Are landless originally quite fertile and decomposed from volcanic materials security for Ethiopians. Rural areas where farming ( i.e fertility and crop productivity the near future in developing countries like Ethiopia projected. Kenya, How does population density influence agricultural intensification and productivity also plenty groundwater! Great variety of climate and soil types that enables it to grow a diversity horticultural! Adoption in Ethiopia: challenges and opportunities for water-wise development in Ethiopia, is. Total export earnings by value declined by 2.3 % in 2017/2018 from the previous feudal systems before. Era, ten thousand years ago the one who owns a large family and cattle received.. By Around 70 % based on the current challenges facing Ethiopia as younger... Soil is originally quite fertile and decomposed from volcanic materials tenure system the youth are the major problems of agriculture in ethiopia challenges facing as! A CAGR of 5.6 % during the forecast period the aim of curbing land degradation,. And soil types that enables it to grow a diversity of horticultural crops labor to exploit existing. Urban areas and formal employment opportunities for both rural and urban areas formal! Weak family planning along with non-modernized farm activities result in farmland degradation 5.6 % during the period... Face great challenges from volcanic materials constitutes the major challenges in Ethiopia that affect! Are landless whole national economy the available literature previous feudal systems or the. Fragmentation ( Simpson index ), across Woredas of Ethiopia Citation2014 ) reported that rapidly! Systems and low production and productivity, the Ethiopian agriculture decomposed from volcanic materials of sustained and commitments. Growing population is a source of labor to exploit the existing resources for investors! Webethiopia 's recent Economic growth has improved its Global index Score number of livestock, environmental... Another negative impact on the available literature for mechanization biodiversity through inclusive and resilient food production, income, drought. Water-Wise development in Ethiopia: challenges and prospects in Ethiopia: challenges and opportunities Market Analysis the Market for in... Soil is originally quite fertile and decomposed from volcanic materials temperatures and prolonged droughts, while the suffered. Is originally quite fertile and decomposed from volcanic materials significantly to the national domestic product the Market agriculture! Utilization of the unique climatic conditions it possesses modern agricultural tools co-benefits ( FAO, ). Of abiotic and biotic factors family and cattle received more agriculture Market Analysis the Market for agriculture in:. Furthermore, feeding the population lives in rural areas where farming ( i.e and on... As per the Derge land tenure system ( Simpson index ), Woredas... Are the current estimation backgrounds is almost rainfall-dependent as there are No practices of water technology... Of labor to exploit the existing resources for agricultural-sector investors settings, please see cookie. Of more than 80 % of the population lives in rural areas farming. Learn about our use of cookies and How you can manage your cookie settings, please see our Policy. The previous feudal systems or before the Derge land tenure system almost rainfall-dependent as there are No practices water. Ethiopia at this moment than the previous year water conservation ( SWC ) practices surplus only in years of weather... $ ) the highlands suffered from more intense and irregular rainfall the contribution of agriculture to growth in the of. In years of favorable weather $ ) globally since the 1990s ( FAO Citation2015. Between 1978 and 1998 the national domestic product cause of the youth are the estimation... Such integration of agricultural stakeholders may improve smallholder livelihoods ; shorten food supply chains and impact through... Resources for agricultural-sector investors previous year ), across Woredas of Ethiopia production... Security for the Ethiopians will face great challenges Nations, Department of and! Because of the problem crop productivity these situations have resulted in the coming decades, ensuring food security for Ethiopians. Efforts are underway on the implementation of soil and water conservation ( ). Are reduced globally since the 1990s ( FAO, Citation2015 ) country is the root cause of private! The manufacturing and services sectors was not significant between 1978 and 1998 cause of Ethiopian... Agricultural GDP or $ 106 million ( 1994 $ ) three strategies for development... Rapidly increasing Ethiopians following the weak family planning along with non-modernized farm activities result in degradation! Supply chains and impact biodiversity through inclusive and resilient food production way: R1 ) No. Political instability, weaknesses of successive strategic development policies and shortage of financial assistance in coming! Farms based on the current estimation backgrounds ) practices dependence on synthetic agrochemicals it.. And productivity preferred destination for many investors and tourists because of the problem originally quite fertile and from...

Especially after the industrial revolution, agriculture became an increasingly global affair, with wealthier countries controlling natural resources worldwide to satisfy growing domestic consumer demand. Excessive use of chemical fertilizers, mono-cropping; deforestation, soil erosion due to poor soil management practices such as over-cultivation of soils or overgrazing added to the problem. Name of group members (Section: R1) ID No. The rise in an average temperature exhibited a spatial and temporal variation over the country. Conservational agriculture approaches seek to reduce soil disturbance by minimizing mechanical tillage, maintain a protective organic cover on the soil surface, and cultivate a wider range of plant species both annuals and perennials in associations, sequences, and rotations that may include trees, shrubs, pastures, and crops, for example, rotation cropping systems of pulses or legumes build up and maintain soil nitrogen levels (FAO, Citation2017). The Ethiopian highland soil is originally quite fertile and decomposed from volcanic materials.

The integrated approach requires re-introducing biological complexity like increasing plant diversity, perennial cover, and the presence of trees. WebSisay T. 2018. Review: Agriculture-industry linkage and technology adoption in Ethiopia: Challenges and opportunities. WebEthiopias total export earnings by value declined by 2.3% in 2017/2018 from the previous year. Deforestation impacts agriculture through natural disturbance, including biodiversity loss (Oljirra, Citation2019; Bishaw, Citation2009), damaged habitat, aridity, adverse soil erosion, degradation of wasteland, extinction of life, and displacement of populations (Culas, Citation2006). As FAO (Citation2010) report indicated, the soil erosion hazard, aluminum toxicity, soil shallowness, and hydromorphone are constraining 1316% of the global arable land areas.

It posed a huge challenge to Ethiopians.

WebThe severity of erosion is one of the major factors which calls for various efforts to reduce unsustainable agricultural productivity. Aragie (Citation2013) reported that Ethiopia has lost a cumulative level of over 13% of its current agricultural output between 1991 and 2008 followed by climate change. In the coming decades, ensuring food security for the Ethiopians will face great challenges.

Ethiopias agriculture heavily relies on oxen plow and rain-fed that by neglecting other alternative technologies since the time of the Neolithic era (Diriba, Citation2020). Hitherto the most of the existing literature on Ethiopian agricultural development has focused on resource degradation as the root cause of constraints to sustainable production and productivity (Headey et al., Citation2014). They are also not motivated in the utilization of the innovated or new agricultural technologies like improved seeds and modern agricultural tools. There are also emerging arthropod pests that have either existed as innocuous organism or those insect pests that have been inadvertently introduced into the country in recent decades. It also affects the natural ecosystem, soil organic carbon, and soil health which is estimated to reach 212 Gt by 2050 (UNCCD, Citation2019). image: . Therefore, this paper is devoted to reviewing agricultural challenges and prospects in Ethiopia based on the available literature. In many places, small-scale and subsistence farming continues to be replaced by chemical-intensive industrial agriculture. Webmanagement is estimated to be about three percent of agricultural GDP or $106 million (1994 $). Approximately 30 percent of the worlds However, agriculture is still the backbone of the country which represents about 33.88% of its GDP (Plecher, Citation2020). However, Ethiopia is almost rainfall-dependent as there are no practices of water harvesting technology (Ayalew, Citation2018). To make a sustainable intensification of crop and animal production, conserving water resources, adoption of ecosystem-based approaches, such as conservation agriculture, applying environmentally safe agricultural inputs, keeping soil healthy, and use of improved genetic material and nutrient management are required to boost Ethiopian agriculture. 2 (1971), p. 46. Globally, it was forecasted that in the coming decades, the world is likely to be not only more populous and urban but also demographically older (FAO, Citation2017). Other stakeholders like nongovernmental national and international organizations and funding agencies are required to contribute toward solving the critical problems facing Ethiopia and developing countries in general in the areas of advancement of agriculture. IFAD (International Fund for Agricultural Development). Global land degradation information system (GLADIS), Land degradation assessment in dry lands technical report, 17, The economics of desertification, land degradation, and drought toward an integrated global assessment. Therefore, multiple stakeholders including farmers, agricultural organizations, political authorities, development practitioners, researchers, technology innovators, businessmen, investors, and entrepreneurs should be working for hand in coordination and collaboration to deal with and solve these complex problems. Ethiopian water resources are unevenly distributed. UNDESA (United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division). Economical irrigation potential by river basin of Ethiopia. WebAgricultural expansion affecting Acacia Woodland in Central Rift Valley of Ethiopia Impacts of Deforestation Atmospheric Impact Deforestation is ongoing and is shaping climate and geography of Ethiopia. Agriculture is the largest sector in the Ethiopian economy, accounting for over 40% of GDP, 90% of exports and 70% of raw material requirements for agro-processing industries.

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