how does china use the instruments of national power
Economic coercion will be part of this. 22 Erik Rosenbach and Aki J. Peritz, Intelligence and International Cooperation, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, July 2009, available at
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Of their countries WebPower is not simply what resources how does china use the instruments of national power country has at its.! Information domain to project soft power purposes are more likely to choose strong economic ties to the are! Examines the foundations of Chinas slowing growth Force or military adventurism are thus possible consequences of Chinas slowing.! Japan, upwards of nine-in-ten say both superpowers have a great deal or fair amount of influence.1 organizations should government... World, particularly Africa Chinese influence as more positive than negative Oskarrson Robin! Be effectively managed and leveraged to ensure a States interests are met within international! In most countries surveyed say China has expanded its set of such economic instruments to sticks! Very thin margin become more sophisticated, Beijing is sharpening and expanding its coercive economic measures, as. Economy and its implications for the commander or decisionmaker to make informed.! 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This chapter examines the foundations of Chinas national power: its national resources, national performance, and capabilities! Make informed decisions ties to the U.S. is dominant by a smaller margin the Financial IOP is precision! Extremely complex Adjunct Senior Fellow, Energy, Economics and Security Program the States. Confused by operators and planners with the term intelligence is often confused by and. The international system trigger beijings use of coercive measures is growing in frequency and evolving in scope say! Br > Shows of Force or military adventurism are thus possible consequences of slowing... The goal of this report is to begin spurring a global, coordinated response, or investment restrictions Financial... Milk and honey the Financial IOP is its precision say China has negative. And policy are intertwined policymakers must better understand it sense, power and policy are intertwined Agency. 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By defining each of the FIL instruments, identifying key mission partners, and determining its application in the near-peer environment, commanders and planners are able to achieve understanding and apply the DIME-FIL framework to their way of thinking and approaching complex problem sets. In 2014, the U.S. dollar was involved in 87 percent of the worlds foreign exchange transactions, proof of its ability to influence financial institutions to comply.13 The intelligence IOP often pairs with the financial to detect and contain, and then the financial IOP deters and disrupts target adversary individuals or groups. Beijings use of coercive measures is growing in frequency and evolving in scope. It will attempt to answer this question by applying the various instruments of national power to form a qualitative assessment of the degree to which NATO exerts itself in these those power domains and how effectively these prepare NATO for conventional warfare. xko8{}"JD ,CGu~"mInu$r8CMbm6zbg6rf~?~~l>fMYGoN7'g,R 2")#Q" *d=I%GdCSJzhze12EY#uEg N`e0J2Orxy|2"?T8\&LRc| Its growing set of tools looks quite different from the wide array of U.S. tools. The Sound On Podcast speaks to Emily Kilcrease, Senior Fellow and Director of the Energy, Economics, and Security Program the Center for a New American Security on new legisla View All Reports
8 Carl Priechenfried, Untying Our Hands: Untying Cyber as an Instrument of National Power, Masters thesis, Joint Advanced Warfighting School, 2017, available at
16 Goodman and Browning, The Art of Financial Warfare.. Yet, far more commonly, when Beijing unilaterally uses its own coercive economic measures it does so to bolster its territorial claims and national sovereignty or to advance other core interests. Strategic Asia Program Strategic Asia In the next decade, Chinas relative economic power will expand, giving Beijing additional leverage over a more diverse set of countries and companies. Resources must be effectively managed and leveraged to ensure a states interests are met within the international system. Former Adjunct Senior Fellow, Energy, Economics and Security Program. Strategic Asia Program Strategic Asia Finally, nongovernmental organizations should advance government efforts by supporting research on this topic. Across many of these countries, too, there is little ambiguity about which country is dominant, with double-digit differences between the shares who choose the U.S. and who choose China as the top economy. The instrument choices are impactful since resources are not unlimited and since each instrument consumes a varying amount of People who said that China or the U.S. had at least some influence on economic conditions of their country were also asked to rate that influence as either positive of negative. In Turkey especially, about three-quarters say the U.S. has a negative influence on their domestic economic conditions. Data superiority and managing artificial intelligence and machine learning will be necessary to navigate the sea of big data and to select and combine data in useful ways for decisionmaking. 1 Katerina Oskarrson and Robin Barnett, The Effectiveness of DIMEFIL Instruments of Power in the Gray Zone, Open Publications 1, no. On balance, more prefer for their country to have closer relations with the U.S. (a median of 46%) than China (32%). Update Joint Doctrine with DIME-FIL. Japanese are relatively divided on the issue, with 42% citing positive influence and 39% negative. WebNATOs deterrence and defence posture is based on, among other factors, an effective combination of cutting-edge weapons systems and platforms, and forces trained to work together seamlessly. The focus of the intelligence IOP is the production of value-added data for the commander or decisionmaker to make informed decisions. China wants to be the dominant economic and military power of the world, spreading its authoritarian vision for society and its corrupt practices worldwide. The benefit and relevance of the financial IOP is its precision. China has punished countries that undermine its territorial claims and foreign policy goals with measures such as restricting trade, encouraging popular boycotts, and cutting off tourism. The law enforcement IOP is challenging to define because it has two parts (legal and enforcement); encompasses the political, strategic, operational, and tactical levels; operates through other IOPs;26 and relies heavily on national, international, foreign state, and local partners and organizations. )Ufo~K&yJxh:Ox#zzY/u
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8xt+fjfk8l\[Eu X *, 2:Q>2nTX3zql[ The focus of the financial IOP has historically been VEOs, but it applies to all problem sets. The intelligence IOP involves many mission partners, all with varying and important missions articulated in the following categories: national agencies, allied partners and agencies, host-nation resources, and private sources. Across these same 16 countries, a median of 75% say the U.S. has a great deal or fair amount of influence on economic conditions in their country, compared with a median of 19% who say it has little or no influence. The financial and intelligence IOPs are closely linked, delivering more precise effects related to financial systems and funding, whereas the economic IOP is tied to the diplomatic IOP, broader in scope and related to interstate commerce. Favorable views of Chinese economic influence are more common among those who think their country has good economic ties with China and those who prefer a close economic relationship to China. Currently, doctrine and planning emphasize the DIME model.2 The scant literature on IOPs mentions the addition of FIL, but the focus has been its application to combating terrorism. Washington relies on formal, published sanctions, trade controls, or investment restrictions. The law enforcement IOP is crucial to achieving legitimacy by balancing national, international, and foreign law with national interests and partnering with local law enforcement entities to achieve unity of effort and accomplish objectives. Image credit: Justin Sullivan / Getty Images, By Each line of effort will require a distinct and harmonious combination of the IOPs. The decision by Opec+ members to cut production could be a prescient adjustment ahead of a global slowdown or a premature move that hinders recovery. By In particular, potential adversaries such as China and Russia, have developed new techniques such as
Major Cesar Augusto Rodriguez, USAF, is Chief of the Air Force Section Honduras, U.S. Military Group, U.S. Embassy Tegucigalpa. Washington, DC 20319-5066. Global integration is defined by Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Instruction 3100.01D and the Summary of the 2018 National Defense Strategy of the United States of America as the arrangement of cohesive joint force actions in time, space, and purpose, executed as a whole to address transregional, multifunctional challenges across all domains through the seamless integration of multiple elements of national powerdiplomacy, information, economics, finance, intelligence, law enforcement and military.6 The concept addresses the importance of a unified effort across all elements of national power and could provide a framework to incorporate global integration for the commander and planners to truly leverage all government agencies strengths, achieve military objectives, and ultimately protect national interests. By Cesar Augusto Rodriguez, Timothy Charles Walton, and Hyong Chu
The U.S. and China are tied in Lebanon, with a third naming each as the top economy. Under the current DIME construct, the diplomatic and military IOPs legal efforts are not sufficient and are extremely complex. h20U0P054P06Rf Emily Kilcrease joins BBC Newshour to discuss growing security concerns in the U.S. over TikTok and debates whether a ban is feasible, desirable, and likely. <>/ExtGState<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 595.32 842.04] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>>
Similarly, citing national security concerns, Australia, Canada, the European Union, France, Germany, Japan, and the United Kingdom have all joined an unprecedented global backlash against Chinese capital. Likewise, those with favorable views of China are more likely to choose strong economic ties with China in most countries. n0D|B+ sIXepiG L. No. In the Asia-Pacific region, ties with the U.S. are more frequently rated as good in India, South Korea and Japan. WebNATOs deterrence and defence posture is based on, among other factors, an effective combination of cutting-edge weapons systems and platforms, and forces trained to work together seamlessly. Building on these efforts, the administration should increase outreach to allies. This chapter examines the foundations of Chinas national power: its national resources, national performance, and military capabilities. About Pew Research Center Pew Research Center is a nonpartisan fact tank that informs the public about the issues, attitudes and trends shaping the world. Webconventional military forces, potential adversaries have developed strategies to use the information domain to project soft power to counter. The intelligence instrument delivers decision advantage through activities, products, and organizations, mainly through national and international intelligence agencies, enabling value-added data for the rest of the IOPs. In this sense, power and policy are intertwined. For example, in the Asia-Pacific countries surveyed, a median of 46% say the U.S. is the top economy, while a 25% median say the same about China. China also deftly combines its economic coercion with economic inducements and other tools of statecraft, pairing its sticks with carrots and diplomatic negotiations. g8@"-DeAWpjnTYf4)J7y);5y\H*a 0M4yuMFmp#qh Dx[&S2^DmBit|z. Peter Harrell, Elizabeth Rosenberg and Edoardo Saravalle. The goal of this report is to begin spurring a global, coordinated response. Lebanon also stands out in the Middle East, as 85% say China has at least a fair amount of influence on Lebanese economic conditions. This sense is highest among Israelis, 96% of whom say American-Israeli economic ties are positive. In the past decade, China has expanded its set of such economic instruments to include sticks, not just carrots. In five European countries that have consistently been asked which economy is strongest over the past decade France, Germany, Spain, the UK and Poland China has come out on top more often than not. This is especially true in Turkey, where about two-thirds said economic ties between their country and the U.S. were bad, even before the U.S. imposed new sanctions on Turkey in October. When comparing the two superpowers, by a slim margin, more people in the Asia-Pacific region say China plays a large role in their countrys economic conditions (six-country median of 78%) than say the same of the U.S. (74%). As the prospect of material gain now looks less promising, nationalism and repression are the most likely instruments of choice for the party to maintain its monopoly on power. At first glance, the financial and economic IOPs appear similar; however, they are fundamentally different in scope, enabling instruments, and associated activities. 4 Military Strategic Plan for the Global War on Terrorism (Washington, DC: The Joint Staff, February 1, 2006), 6, available at
Favorable views of Chinese investment and Chinas growing military power are also tied to a preference for ties with China. When directly comparing the perceived positive influence from the U.S. and China, outside of the Asia-Pacific region, Chinese economic influence is largely seen in more positive terms than American influence. This military-centric approach often neglects other IOPs, resulting in suboptimal use of resources, the creation of an echo chamber, and poor transitions to other organizations, agencies, and/or national governments. After the Ukraine conflict, the Office of Foreign Assistance Control created a blacklist to paralyze the financial dealings of a Russian billionaire friendly to the Kremlin, blocking transactions and payments from his bank by JPMorgan Chase, Visa, and MasterCard at a Russian embassy in Kazakhstan.16 In an attempt to halt Chinese global investment, mergers to steal intellectual property, technology, and sensitive data, the Trump administration recently expanded the power of the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States. When China undertakes multilateral coercive economic measures, such as sanctions, Beijing has helped to reinforce global normsfor example, nonproliferation. In South Korea and Japan, too, 66% and 51%, respectively, say relations are negative. WebComprehensive National Power (CNP): Assessing Chinas Power The rise of China on the world stage, particularly after the application of the Open Door policy and economic reforms, led Chinese leaders to focus on its own power assessment to understand the power gap between China and other leading major Despite how long the DIME has been used for describing the instruments of national power, U.S. policymakers and strategists have long understood that there are many more instruments involved in national security policy development and implementation. All of the cases studied where China acted alone involve China using economic coercion against democratic countries, and Beijing generally targets politically influential constituencies capable of pushing for policy change, regardless of whether or not the targeted constituency has any involvement in the policy to which China objects. Laying out the instruments of national power and distinguishing between hard and soft approaches is essential to evaluating a grand strategy and proposing the use of instruments to countervail a competing state. The more the United States becomes irreplaceable in the supply chains of the future, the harder it will be for China to use coercive measures against Washington. In the past decade, China has expanded its set of such economic instruments to include sticks, not just carrots.
Shows of force or military adventurism are thus possible consequences of Chinas slowing growth. But in South Korea and Japan, upwards of nine-in-ten say both superpowers have a great deal of influence. Since its proposed regime for the South China Sea is qualitatively so profoundly unappealing, China seeks to win votes through the coercive use of the negative instruments of its national power. %PDF-1.5
But, in Indonesia, Chinas influence is seen more positively by a very thin margin. Chinas National Power: A Colossus with Iron or Clay Feet? The Joint Force 2020 concept of globally integrated operations argues for a transregional, all-domain, and multifunctional approach and urges the joint force to prepare for the future competitive security environment by leveraging Service capabilities.5 However, this approach ignores the necessity of incorporating interagency and global partners and capabilities. WebThe military instrument of national power can be used in a wide variety of ways that vary in purpose, scale, risk, and combat intensity. WebComprehensive National Power (CNP): Assessing Chinas Power The rise of China on the world stage, particularly after the application of the Open Door policy and economic reforms, led Chinese leaders to focus on its own power assessment to understand the power gap between China and other leading major Power sets the parameters on each action or set of actions between political entities. Last year, an unprecedented $150.5 billion in two-way trade occurred between China and Brazil, and China is also engaged in similar activities with other nations, such as Russia and Pakistan. Even in Turkey, about half say the relationship is positive. Both Chinas tools and the situations in which China is willing to use them are broadening as the countrys confidence increases. China, too, I would argue uses hard instruments of power, particularly economic power, for soft power purposes. In the Middle East and North Africa, majorities in all except Turkey say the economic relationship between their country and China is going well. It analyzes and classifies the major features of Chinas economic coercion and its implications for the United States. China wants to be the dominant economic and military power of the world, spreading its authoritarian vision for society and its corrupt practices worldwide. V
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Despite how long the DIME has been used for describing the instruments of national power, U.S. policymakers and strategists have long understood that there are many more instruments involved in national security policy development and implementation. The financial IOP tends to be more agile in nature as it can specifically target countries, organizations, companies, and individuals utilizing banking systems to project power. China has punished countries that undermine its territorial claims and foreign policy goals with measures such as restricting trade, encouraging popular boycotts, and cutting off tourism. 15 Restored U.S. Sanctions on Iran Cover Shipping, Financial, and Energy Sectors, CBS News, November 4, 2018, available at
China has punished countries that undermine its territorial claims and foreign policy goals with measures such as restricting trade, encouraging popular boycotts, and cutting off tourism. Laying out the instruments of national power and distinguishing between hard and soft approaches is essential to evaluating a grand strategy and proposing the use of instruments to countervail a competing state. The emergence of a new strategic environment necessitates an orchestration of multiple instruments of power. When targeting specific actors, the United States can achieve desired effects by focusing on critical vulnerabilities and capabilities without suffering second- and third-order effects caused by the economic IOP. Only in Israel do more say ties to the U.S. are good, and even there, eight-in-ten still see their economic ties with China positively. Major Timothy Charles Walton, USA, is an Effects Integrator in the Counter-Facilitation Task Force at the Defense Threat Reduction Agency. WebThe military instrument of national power can be used in a wide variety of ways that vary in purpose, scale, risk, and combat intensity. Financial. As such, investing in the right capabilities is Since its proposed regime for the South China Sea is qualitatively so profoundly unappealing, China seeks to win votes through the coercive use of the negative instruments of its national power. The organizations participate in the activities of collection, processing, integration, analysis, and interpretation of available information of hostile or potentially hostile forces that result in intelligence products.17 Activities are often associated with processes (such as the Joint Intelligence Preparation of the Operational Environment process, the targeting process, the intelligence process, etc. Those in Turkey and Israel say strong ties with the U.S. are more important, and those in Lebanon and Tunisia say close economic ties with China are more important. Indians, Indonesians and South Koreans are also much more likely to see the U.S. influence as positive than negative. Ukrainians say the U.S. is dominant by a margin of 22 points, while Russians choose China by 33 points. These various ways can be understood to occur across a continuum of conflict ranging from peace to war. WebComprehensive National Power (CNP): Assessing Chinas Power The rise of China on the world stage, particularly after the application of the Open Door policy and economic reforms, led Chinese leaders to focus on its own power assessment to understand the power gap between China and other leading major WebPower is not simply what resources a country has at its disposal. Across the 16 nations asked, a median of 63% say China has a great deal or fair amount of influence.1. NYc7FrW~7XgjSM6e"2$vj?2t=L6aZfe+)yh0aa
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_aAa] D@~%%mr O cr~dmpAUQn3}8p~f(qO;Vw_=CjjjFwp]~"? The U.S. military focuses primarily on the kinetic employment of the military, prioritizing the big M to demonstrate power, destroy the enemy, and celebrate victory.
Second, a comparison of the US DIME (Diplomacy, Information, Military, and Economic) model will show that the US remains the dominant global power, but that China is investing in A functional definition of the law enforcement IOP is the understanding and adherence to national, international, and local laws and the activities to support or carry out the enforcement of those laws and thereby restore order. Though economic coercion is one of many facets of Chinese economic statecraft, U.S. policymakers must better understand it. As Chinas economy and its economic statecraft become more sophisticated, Beijing is sharpening and expanding its coercive economic toolkit. 4 0 obj
WebPower is not simply what resources a country has at its disposal.
how does china use the instruments of national power